Geospatial Data Analysis Training Center (Spatial Epidemiolgy)
The surface, subsurface and above the surface of the earth is covered and filled by billions of natural and constructed features, boundaries and phenomena. The information about the location as well as other attributes of these features are crucial to the public and all levels of business, government and academia. Over eighty percent all data refer to them. The term spatial, geographic, or geospatial data is used interchangeably for the kind of data that has both locational information as well as other attributes. For example, a house has an address -which is locational information- and has other attributes such as price, number of rooms, owner, type, etc., which are attribute information. There are different kinds of features, boundaries and phenomena. Rocks, minerals, oil, gas, air,oceans, lakes, and rivers are examples of natural features. Buildings, roads, railroads, farms, ranches, food processing sites, on the other hand, are examples of constructed features. Boundaries separate features such as state, city, county, and district boundaries. Earthquakes, faults, volcanism, tornado, tsunami, flood, fire and landslide and medical and dental illnesses are example of phenomena. The geospatal data and their analysis also are used in selecting safe sites for agriculture, aquaculture, food processing plants and study of foodborne illnesses and their trends, patterns and distribution and how to control them.
GIS, GPS, AI, HACCP | ||
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| Table of contents Module 1. Introduction to Food Safety and GIS Module 2, GIS Software Module 3. Map Making and Map Projections Module 4. Data Types in GIS Module 5. Sources of GIS Data Module 6. Creating Geospatial Data Module 7. GIS, GPS and Food Safety Module 8. GIS and Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) Module 9. Geospatial Data Analysis and Management Module 10. Rater Data Analysis Module 11. Vector Data Analysis Module 12. Web Mapping Module 13. Geoprocessing Module 14. FDA Tech-based Traceability Rule and GIS Module 15. The FDA New Era of Smarter Food Safety and GIS Module 16. FDA Produce Safety Rule and GIS Module 17. FDA and USDA Seafood Safety and GIS Module 18. FDA and USDA Meat, Poultry, Eggs, Food Safety and GIS (GeoAI) Module 19. FDA Human Food Rule and GIS Module 20. FDA Animal Food Rule and GIS Module 21. FDA Imported Foods Rule and GIS Module 22. FDA Food Defense and GIS Module 23. FDA Food Transportation Rule and GIS Module 24. State and Local Governments and GIS Module 25. Prerequisite Programs Module 26. Preliminary Steps Module 27. The First Principle of HACCP – Conduct a Hazard Analysis Module 28. The Second Principle of HACCP – Identify Critical Control Points Module 29. The Third Principle of HACCP – Determine Critical Limits Module 30. The Fourth Principle of HACCP – Establish Monitoring Procedures Module 31. The Fifth Principle of HACCP – Establish Corrective Action Procedures Module 32 – The Sixth Principle of HACCP – Establish Verification Procedures Module 33- The Seventh Principle of HACCP – Establish Record Keeping and Documentation Procedures odule 34. The Implementation and Maintenance of HACCP Plans and HACCP Systems Module 35. Resources |
Table of Contents SECTION I Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 The Dynamics of Disease Transmission Chapter 3 Measuring the Occurrence of Disease: I. Morbidity Chapter 4 Measuring the Occurrence of Disease: II. Mortality Chapter 5 Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests Chapter 6 The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis Chapter 7 Assessing the Efficacy of Preventive and Therapeutic Measures: Randomized Trials Chapter 8 Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues SECTION II Using Epidemiology to Identify the Cause of Disease Chapter 9 Cohort Studies Chapter 10 Case-Control Studies and Other Study Designs Chapter 11 Estimating Risk: Is There an Association? Chapter 12 More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention Chapter 13 A Pause for Review: Comparing Cohort and Case-Control Studies Chapter 14 From Association to Causation: Deriving Inferences from Epidemiologic Studies Chapter 15 More on Causal Inferences: Bias, Confounding, and Interaction Chapter 16 Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Disease Causation SECTION III Applying Epidemiology to Evaluation and Policy Chapter 17 Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services Chapter 18 The Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs Chapter 19 Epidemiology and Public Policy Chapter 20 Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology |
Table of Contents Module 1. Introduction to Spatial Epidemiology Module 2. Introduction to Epidemiology Module 3. Introduction to Pathology (the science of study of diseases) Module 4. GIS Science and Software, Data Types ansSpatial Correlation Module 5. Biostatistics Module 6. Risk Assessment Using iRISK Module 7. Biological Food Safety Hazards Module 8. Zoonosis and Zoonotic Module 9 Chemical Food Safety Hazards Module 10. Omics, Exposure, Exposomics, and Food Safety Module 11. Physical Food Safety Hazards Module 12. Potentially Hazards Foods Module 13. Immunology, High Risk Population and Food Safety Module 14. Farm, Rach and Processing Environment and Food Safety Module 15. Biochemistry of Foods and Food Safety Module 16. Thermo-bacteriology and Food Safety Module 17. Disease Ecology Module 18. Disease Mapping and Cluster Detections Module 19. Spatial Statistical Methods Module 20. Spatial-Temporal Analysis Module 21. Applications of Spatial Epidemiology Module 22. Environmental Epidemiology |
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| To capture, create, store, manage, query, display, and analyze pica-bytes of accurate, reliable, timely and relevant geospatial data, a multidisciplinary science that combines the science of computer, information, physical and social sciences with cartography, remote sensing, topology, surveying, geodesy, photogrammetry, Global Positioning System, database management system, and Geographic Information System was created. This science was called geospatial information science. To learn more about GIScience, read “What Is Geographic Information Science?” by Dr. Michael F. Goodchild.
The individual who coined the term GIScience defined it as “a multidisciplinary research enterprise that addresses the nature of geographic information and the application of geospatial technologies to basic scientific questions” (Goodchild, 1992).
CEGIS [USGS Center of Excellence for Geographic Information Science] staff recently identified the reach of GIScience as including “the traditional mapping disciplines of surveying, aerial photographic interpretation, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography. It also encompasses a broader scope of issues related to the modeling and representation of geographic phenomena, data, and processes; human cognition of geographic information; the analysis, depiction, and use of uncertainty information; spatial analysis and modeling, including geographic information systems (GIS); scale sensitivities; geographic ontologies; visualization; and other similar topics” (CEGIS, 2006). GIScience relies on expertise from many allied fields and has intimate ties to geospatial technology and applications. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS (GPS.GOV) The information about the location of natural and constructed geospatial objects such as minerals, buildings,. rivers, roads, forests and development sites are at the heart of geospatial data collection, storage, display and analysis. Where a house, a mine, a shopping center, a factory, a farm and a Superfund site is located is important to surveyors, real estate professionals, geologists, environmentalists and many other professionals and the public. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides this crucial locational information. It is astonishing that we now have the location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) of any place at any time on earth with almost pinpoint accuracy. This free, accurate, reliable and globally available location information is a powerful and indispensable tool. Just image the power a GPS, GIS and Internet-enabled, hand-held device- such as a cell phone- can provide. Whether in geosciences, marketing, transportation, real estate, farming, food processing, navigation, banking, agro-agriculture, environment, mapping and surveying, epidemiology, the GPS, combined with GIS and the Internet and AI, have revolutionized location-centric disciplines. |
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The information about the objects and events that fills the space between the core of the earth and the Sun is crucial for the proper managing of the modern world. The vast majority of these data are acquired remotely by mounting sensors on spacecrafts, satellites, aircrafts, or ships. The information about the location and attributes of the objects in land, air and water collected, processed and saved digitally by these remote sensors constitutes a major part of the existing geospatial data. Geologists, environmental scientists, agribusiness, food processors, real estate professionals, agriculturalists, epidemiologists and almost every person involved in business, government and physical and social sciences need remotely sensed data. The introduction of remotely sensed data by Google Earth, Google Map and Microsoft Bing has popularized the use of these remotely sensed data by the public and professionals.
